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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM OPTICS

The purpose of this book is to provide a physical understanding of what photons are and of their properties and applications. Special emphasis is made in the text on photon pairs produced in spontaneous parametric down-conversion, which exhibit intrinsically quantum mechanical correlations known as entanglement, and which extend over manifestly macroscopic distances. Such photon pairs are well suited to the physical realization of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen-type experiments, and also make possible such exciting techniques as quantum cryptography and teleportation. In addition, non-classical properties of light, such as photon antibunching and squeezing, as well as quantum phase measurement and optical tomography, are discussed. The author describes relevant experiments and elucidates the physical ideas behind them. This book will be of interest to undergraduates and graduate students studying optics, and to any physicist with an interest in the mysteries of the photon and exciting modern work in quantum cryptography and teleportation.

Introduction to Quantum field theory in condensed matter physics

This introduction to quantum field theory in condensed matter physics has emerged from our courses for graduate and advanced undergraduate students at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, held between the fall of 1999 and the spring of 2001. We have gone through the pain of writing these notes, because we felt the pedagogical need for a book which aimed at putting an emphasis on the physical contents and applications of the rather involved mathematical machinery of quantum field theory without loosing mathematical rigor. We hope we have succeeded at least to some extend in reaching this goal.

Introduction to Plasma Physics: A graduate level course

The electromagnetic force is generally observed to create structure: e.g., stable atoms and molecules, crystalline solids. In fact, the most widely studied consequences of the electromagnetic force form the subject matter of Chemistry and Solid-State Physics, both disciplines developed to understand essentially static structures. Structured systems have binding energies larger than the ambient thermal energy. Placed in a sufficiently hot environment, they decompose: e.g., crystals melt, molecules disassociate. At temperatures near or exceeding atomic ionization molecules , atoms similarly decompose into negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. These charged particles are by no means free: in fact, they are strongly affected by each others’ electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless, because the charges are no longer bound, their assemblage becomes capable of collective motions of great vigor and complexity. Such an assemblage is termed a plasma.

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ANALYSIS

This book was originally published in Japanese in October 1998 with the intention of providing a straightforward presentation of the sophisticated techniques used in optical waveguide analyses. Apparently, we were successful because the Japanese version has been well accepted by students in undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. courses as well as by researchers at universities and colleges and by researchers and engineers in the private sector of the optoelectronics field. Since we did not want to change the fundamental presentation of the original, this English version is, except for the newly added optical fiber analyses and problems, essentially a direct translation of the Japanese version.

INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

In recent years nanotechnology has become one of the most important and exciting forefront fields in Physics, Chemistry, Engineering and Biology. It shows great promise for providing us in the near future with many breakthroughs that will change the direction of technological advances in a wide range of applications. To facilitate the timely widespread utilization of this new technology it is important to have available an overall summary and commentary on this subject which is sufficiently detailed to provide a broad coverage and insight into the area, and at the same time is sufficiently readable and thorough so that it can reach a wide audience of those who have a need to know the nature and prospects for the field. The present book hopes to achieve these two aims.

Architecture in Detail

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher

Етти иқлим хоқони ёхуд аҳд ва тахт

Бу асарда Амир Темур шахсини кўп қирраларда гавдалантириш билан бирга тарихимиз бугунги кунларини, ўзликни янада чуқурроқ англашга ундайди

Introduction to Modern Solid State Physics

To analyze the interaction forces one should develop a full quantum mechanical treatment of the electron motion in the atom (ion) fields, the heavy atoms being considered as fixed. Consequently, the total energy appears dependent on the atomic configuration as on external parameters. All the procedure looks very complicated, and we discuss only main physical principles. Let us start with the discussion of the nature of repulsive forces. They can be due both to Coulomb repulsive forces between the ions with the same sign of the charge and to repulsive forces caused by inter-penetrating of electron shells at low distances. Indeed, that penetration leads to the increase of kinetic energy due to Pauli principle – the kinetic energy of Fermi gas increases with its density.

Urban Ethics as Research Agenda

This book provides an outline for a multidisciplinary research agenda into urban ethics and offers insights into the various ways urban ethics can be configured. It explores practices and discourses through which individuals, collectives and institutions determine which and projects may be favourable for dwellers and visitors traversing cities.

Introduction to Mechanics and Symmetry

Symmetry and mechanics have been close partners since the time of the founding masters: Newton, Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, Poisson, Jacobi, Hamilton, Kelvin, Routh, Riemann, Noether, Poincar´e, Einstein, Schr¨odinger, Cartan, Dirac, and to this day, symmetry has continued to play a strong role, especially with the modern work of Kolmogorov, Arnold, Moser, Kirillov, Kostant, Smale, Souriau, Guillemin, Sternberg, and many others. This book is about these developments, with an emphasis on concrete applications that we hope will make it accessible to a wide variety of readers, especially senior undergraduate and graduate students in science and engineering.

INTRODUCTION TO LAGRANGIAN AND HAMILTONIAN MECHANICS

Minimum principles have been invoked throughout the history of Physics to explain the behavior of light and particles. In one of its earliest form, Heron of Alexandria (ca. 75 AD) stated that light travels in a straight line and that light follows a path of shortest distance when it is reflected by a mirror. In 1657, Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) stated the Principle of Least Time, whereby light travels between two points along a path that minimizes the travel time, to explain Snell’s Law (Willebrord Snell, 1591-1626) associated with light refraction in a stratified medium.

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL RELATIVITY

General relativity is a beautiful scheme for describing the gravitational fieldandthe equations it obeys. Nowadays this theory is often used as a prototype for other, more intricate constructions to describe forces between elementary particles or other branches of fundamental physics. This is why in an introduction to general relativity it is of importance to separate as clearly as possible the various ingredients that together give shape to this paradigm. After explaining the physical motivations we first introduce curved coordinates, then addto this the notion of an affine connection fieldandonly as a later step addto that the metric field. One then sees clearly how space and time get more and more structure, until finally all we have to do is deduce Einstein’s field equations.

LA BIOLOGIE, DES ORIGINES A NOS JOURS UNE HISTOIRE DES IDEES ET DES HOMMES

En 1802, le terme biologie est cree independamment par deux naturalistes, le francais Jean-Baptiste LAMARCK et I'allemand Gottfried TREVIRANUS, pour designer une science qui etudie les differentes formes de vie ainsi que les condi tions et les lois qui regissent le phenomene du vivant.

Introduction to Fourier Optics

Since the subject covered is Fourier Optics, it is natural that the methods of Fourier analysis play a key role as the underlying analytical structure of our treatment. Fourier analysis is a standard part of the background of most physicists and engineers. The theory of linear systems is also familiar, especially to electrical engineers. Chapter 2 reviews the necessary mathematical background. For those not already familiar with Fourier analysis and linear systems theory, it can serve as the outline for a more detailed study that can be made with the help of other textbooks explicitly aimed at this subject. Ample references are given for more detailed treatments of this material. For those who have already been introduced to Fourier analysis and linear systems theory, that experience has usually been with functions of a single independent variable, namely time. The material presented in Chapter 2 deals with the mathematics in two spatial dimensions (as is necessary for most problems in optics), yielding an extra richness not found in the standard treatments of the one-dimensional theory.

Dance, Ageing and Collaborative Arts-Based Research

The book focuses on the development of an innovative arts-based program for older adults and the collaborative process of exploring and understand- ing its impact in relation to ageing, social inclusion, and care.

Introduction to Continuum Mechanic

The first edition of this book was published in 1974, nearly twenty years ago. It was written as a text book for an introductory course in continuum mechanics and aimed specifically at the junior and senior level of undergraduate engineering curricula which choose to introduce to the students at the undergraduate level the general approach to the subject matter of continuum mechanics. We are pleased that many instructors of continuum mechanics have found this little book serves that purpose well. However, we have also understood that many instructors have used this book as one of the texts for a beginning graduate course in continuum mechanics. It is this latter knowledge that has motivated us to write this new edition. In this present edition, we have included materials which we feel are suitable for a beginning graduate course in continuum mechanics.